1, Hydroxyl value: 1 gram polymer polyol ine hydroxyl (-OH) huwandu hwakaenzana nehuwandu hwemamirigiramu eKOH, iyo unit mgKOH/g.
2, Yakaenzana: avhareji yehuremu hwemamorekuru eboka rinoshanda.
3, Zviri muIsocyanate: Zviri muisocyanate mumorekuru
4, Isocyanate index: inoratidza mwero wekuwandisa kweisocyanate mufomura yepolyurethane, inowanzomiririrwa nebhii R.
5. Chain extender: Inoreva maalcohols ane huremu hwakaderera uye maamine anogona kuwedzera, kuwedzera kana kugadzira spatial network crosslinks dzemacheni emamorekuru.
6. Chikamu chakaoma: Chikamu checheni chinoumbwa nekuita kweisocyanate, chain extender uye crosslinker pacheni huru yemamorekuru epolyurethane, uye mapoka aya ane simba guru rekubatana, vhoriyamu yakakura yenzvimbo uye kuomarara kukuru.
7, Chikamu chakapfava: kabhoni kabhoni ketani huru polymer polyol, kuchinjika kwakanaka, muketani huru yepolyurethane yechikamu cheketani inochinjika.
8, Nzira yedanho rimwe chete: zvinoreva oligomer polyol, diisocyanate, chain extender uye catalyst zvinosanganiswa panguva imwe chete mushure mekupinza zvakananga muchiumbwa, pane imwe nzira yekupisa yekuporesa.
9, Nzira yePrepolymer: Kutanga oligomer polyol uye diisocyanate prepolymerization reaction, kugadzira end NCO based polyurethane prepolymer, kudurura uye ipapo prepolymer reaction ne chain extender, kugadzirira polyurethane elastomer method, inonzi prepolymer method.
10, Nzira yeSemi-prepolymer: musiyano uripo pakati penzira yesemi-prepolymer nenzira yeprepolymer ndewekuti chikamu chepolyester polyol kana polyether polyol chinowedzerwa kuprepolymer muchimiro chekusanganiswa nechain extender, catalyst, nezvimwewo.
11, Kuumbwa kweReaction injection: Inozivikanwawo seReaction Injection Moulding RIM (Reaction Injection Moulding), inoyerwa nemaoligomers ane huremu hushoma muchimiro chemvura, inosanganiswa ipapo ipapo uye inopinzwa muchiumbwa panguva imwe chete, uye kukurumidza kuita mugomba rechiumbwa, huremu hwechinhu chinowedzera nekukurumidza. Maitiro ekugadzira mapolymer matsva ane maumbirwo matsva eboka nekumhanya kwakanyanya.
12, Nhamba yeFooming: kureva kuti, huwandu hwezvikamu zvemvura zvinoshandiswa muzvikamu zana zvepolyether hunotsanangurwa senhamba yeFooming Index (IF).
13, Kufema kwefuro: kazhinji zvinoreva kufema kwemvura ne isocyanate kuti zvigadzire urea inotsiva uye kuburitsa CO2.
14, Kupindura kweGel: kazhinji zvinoreva kuumbwa kwekuita kwecarbamate.
15, Nguva yeGel: pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, mvura yakasanganiswa kuti igadzire gel yaida nguva.
16, Nguva yemukaka: pakupera kwenzvimbo I, chiitiko chemukaka chinoonekwa mumusanganiswa we polyurethane wechikamu chemvura. Nguva iyi inonzi nguva yekirimu mukugadzirwa kwe polyurethane foam.
17, Kuwanda kwekuwedzera kwecheni: zvinoreva chiyero chehuwandu hwemaamino nehydroxyl groups (yuniti: mo1) muzvikamu zvecheni extender (kusanganisira extender yecheni yakasanganiswa) nehuwandu hweNCO mu prepolymer, kureva chiyero chenhamba yemole (nhamba yakaenzana) yeboka rehydrogen rinoshanda kuNCO.
18, Polyether isina kuguta zvakanyanya: inonyanya kushandiswa pakugadzira PTMG, mutengo wePPG, isina kuguta yakaderedzwa kusvika 0.05mol/kg, iri pedyo nekushanda kwePTMG, uchishandisa DMC catalyst, mhando huru yezvigadzirwa zveBayer Acclaim series.
19, Ammonia ester grade solvent: kugadzirwa kwepolyurethane solvent kufunga nezvesimba rekunyungudika, mwero wekuputika, asi kugadzirwa kwepolyurethane inoshandiswa mu solvent, kunofanirwa kutarisa pakufunga nezve NC0 inorema mu polyurethane. Zvinonyungudutsa zvakaita sealcohols ne ether alcohols zvinosangana nemapoka eNCO hazvigone kusarudzwa. Zvinonyungudutsa hazvigone kuva netsvina yakaita semvura nealcohol, uye hazvigone kuva nezvinhu zvine alkali, izvo zvichaita kuti polyurethane iparare.
Ester solvent haibvumirwi kuva nemvura, uye haifanirwe kuva nemafree acids nemaalcohols, izvo zvinosangana neNCO groups. Ester solvent inoshandiswa mu polyurethane inofanira kunge iri "ammonia ester grade solvent" ine kuchena kwakanyanya. Kureva kuti, solvent inosangana neisocyanate yakawandisa, uye huwandu hweisocyanate isina kugadziriswa hunoongororwa nedibutylamine kuti ione kana yakakodzera kushandiswa. Nheyo ndeyekuti kushandiswa kweisocyanate hakushande, nekuti zvinoratidza kuti mvura iri muester, alcohol, acid three ichadya huwandu hwese hweisocyanate, kana huwandu hwemagiramu esolvent anodiwa kushandisa leqNCO group hukataurwa, kukosha kwacho kugadzikana kwakanaka.
Isocyanate yakaenzana neiri pasi pe2500 haishandiswi se polyurethane solvent.
Polarity ye solvent ine simba guru pakuita kwe resin. Kana polarity yakakura, kuita zvishoma nezvishoma, senge toluene ne methyl ethyl ketone musiyano we24, iyi solvent molecule polarity yakakura, inogona kuumba hydrogen bond ne alcohol hydroxyl group uye kuita kuti reaction iite zvishoma.
Polychlorinated ester solvent iri nani kusarudza aromatic solvent, kumhanya kwayo kwekuita kunokurumidza kupfuura ester, ketone, senge xylene. Kushandiswa kwe ester ne ketone solvents kunogona kuwedzera hupenyu hwekushanda kwe double-branched polyurethane panguva yekuvaka. Mukugadzirwa kwe coatings, kusarudzwa kwe "ammonia-grade solvent" yambotaurwa kunobatsira kune stabilizers dzakachengetwa.
Zvinonyungudutsa zveEster zvine simba rekunyunguduka, mwero wekupisa uri pakati nepakati, chepfu yakaderera uye zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya, cyclohexanone inoshandiswawo zvakanyanya, zvinonyungudutsa zvehydrocarbon zvine simba shoma rekunyunguduka kwakasimba, kushandiswa kushoma kwega, uye kushandiswa zvakanyanya nezvimwe zvinonyungudutsa.
20, Chinhu chinofefetera: chinhu chinofefetera ipombi dzefuro dzinoumbwa kuburikidza nekuchinja kwechimiro chechinhu, kureva, kuburikidza nekuwedzera kwegasi rakamanikidzwa, kuputika kwemvura kana kunyungudika kwechisikwa.
21, Zvinofuridza zvemakemikari: zvinofuridza zvemakemikari ndizvo zvinogona kuburitsa magasi akadai secarbon dioxide nenitrogen mushure mekupiswa, uye kugadzira maburi madiki mupolymer composition yemusanganiswa.
22, Kubatanidza zvinhu: kune dzimwe cheni dzakaoma mucheni yakapfava yepolymer, uye cheni yakaoma ine hunhu hwakafanana nerabha yakanyungudutswa mushure mekubatanidza zvinhu nemakemikari patembiricha iri pasi penzvimbo yekunyorovesa kana nzvimbo yekunyunguduka.
23, Kubatanidza makemikari: zvinoreva nzira yekubatanidza cheni huru dzemamorekuru kuburikidza nemabhondi emakemikari pasi pechiito chechiedza, kupisa, mwaranzi ine simba rakawanda, simba remakanika, ultrasound uye zvinobatanidza makemikari kuti zvigadzire network kana shape structure polymer.
24, Nhamba yeFuro: huwandu hwezvikamu zvemvura zvakaenzana nezvikamu zana zvepolyether hunotsanangurwa senhamba yeFuro (IF).
25. Ndeapi marudzi eisocyanates anowanzo shandiswa maererano nechimiro?
A: Aliphatic: HDI, alicyclic: IPDI,HTDI,HMDI, Aromatic: TDI,MDI,PAPI,PPDI,NDI.
26. Ndeapi marudzi eisocyanates anowanzo shandiswa? Nyora fomura yechimiro
A: Toluene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane-4,4 '-diisocyanate (MDI), polyphenylmethane polyisocyanate (PAPI), MDI yakanyungudutswa, hexamethylene-diisocyanate (HDI).
27. Zvinoreva TDI-100 neTDI-80?
A: TDI-100 inoumbwa ne toluene diisocyanate ine chimiro che 2,4; TDI-80 inoreva musanganiswa une 80% toluene diisocyanate ine chimiro che 2,4 uye 20% yechimiro che 2,6.
28. Ndezvipi zvinhu zveTDI neMDI mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvepolyurethane?
A: Kubatanidzwa kwe2,4-TDI ne2,6-TDI. Kubatanidzwa kwe2,4-TDI kwakapetwa kakawanda kupfuura kwe2,6-TDI, nekuti NCO ine nzvimbo ina mu2,4-TDI iri kure neboka reNCO rine nzvimbo mbiri nemethyl, uye hapana steric resistance, nepo NCO ye2,6-TDI ichikanganiswa nesteric effect yeboka reortho-methyl.
Mapoka maviri eNCO eMDI akaparadzana zvikuru uye hapana anotsiva, saka basa reNCO mbiri rakakura. Kunyangwe kana NCO imwe chete ikapinda mukuita kwekuita, basa reNCO yasara rinodzikira, uye basa racho richiri rakakura zvakanyanya. Nokudaro, reactivity yeMDI polyurethane prepolymer yakakura kupfuura yeTDI prepolymer.
29.HDI, IPDI, MDI, TDI, NDI ndeipi yekudzivirira yero iri nani?
A: HDI (ndeye yero yealiphatic diisocyanate isingachinji), IPDI (yakagadzirwa ne polyurethane resin ine kugadzikana kwakanaka kwemaziso uye inodzivirira makemikari, inowanzo shandiswa kugadzira polyurethane resin yemhando yepamusoro isingatsvedzeri ruvara).
30. Chinangwa chekugadzirisa MDI uye nzira dzakajairika dzekugadzirisa
A: MDI Yakanyungudika: Chinangwa chakagadziriswa: MDI yakachena yakanyungudika iMDI yakagadziriswa yakanyungudika, iyo inokunda zvimwe zvikanganiso zveMDI yakachena (yakasimba patembiricha yemumba, inonyungudika kana ikashandiswa, kupisa kwakawanda kunokanganisa mashandiro), uye zvakare inopa hwaro hwekuchinja kwakasiyana-siyana kwekuvandudza nekuvandudza mashandiro ezvinhu zve polyurethane zvakagadzirwa neMDI.
Maitiro:
① MDI yakanyungudutswa yeurethane.
② carbodiimide uye uretonimine yakagadziriswa liquefied MDI.
31. Ndeapi marudzi epolymer polyols anowanzo shandiswa?
A: Polyester polyol, polyether polyol
32. Pane nzira ngani dzekugadzira maindasitiri dzepolyester polyols?
A: Nzira yekunyungudutsa vacuum B, nzira yekunyungudutsa gasi C, nzira yekudzikisa azeotropic
33. Ndezvipi zvimiro zvakakosha zviri pamucheto wemamorekuru epolyester nepolyether polyols?
A: Polyester polyol: Musanganiswa wealcohol une boka re ester pamota yemorekuru uye boka re hydroxyl (-OH) paboka rekupedzisira. Polyether polyols: Polymers kana oligomers ane ether bonds (-O-) uye end bands (-Oh) kana mapoka eamine (-NH2) muchimiro chemusana wemorekuru.
34. Ndedzipi mhando dzepolyether polyols zvichienderana nehunhu hwadzo?
A: Polyols dzinoshanda zvakanyanya dzepolyether, polyols dzakaiswa pamwe chete dzepolyether, polyols dzinodzora moto dzepolyether, polyols dzinogadziriswa dzepolyether dzeheterocyclic, polyols dzinoshandiswa nepolyether dzepolytetrahydrofuran.
35. Mangani marudzi emapolyether akajairwa aripo zvichienderana nechinhu chinotanga?
A: Polyoxide propylene glycol, polyoxide propylene triol, polyol yakaoma ine mabubble polyol, polyol isina kuguta yakawanda.
36. Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pemapolyether anogumisirwa nehydroxy nemapolyether anogumisirwa neamine?
Mapolyether ane aminoterminated ipolyoxide allyl ethers umo mugumo wehydroxyl unotsiviwa neboka reamine.
37. Ndeapi marudzi e polyurethane catalysts anowanzo shandiswa? Ndeapi marudzi anowanzo shandiswa anowanikwa?
A: Zvinhu zvinokonzeresa amine yepamusoro, mhando dzinonyanya kushandiswa ndeidzi: triethylenediamine, dimethylethanolamine, n-methylmorpholine, N, n-dimethylcyclohexamine
Makemikoro esimbi ealkyl, anoshandiswa zvakanyanya ndeaya: organotin catalysts, anogona kukamurwa kuita stannous octoate, stannous oleate, dibutyltin dilaurate.
38. Ndezvipi zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya kushandiswa ne polyurethane chain extenders kana crosslinkers?
A: Polyols (1, 4-butanediol), alicyclic alcohols, aromatic alcohols, diamines, alcohol amines (ethanolamine, diethanolamine)
39. Maitiro ekuita kwema isocyanates
A: Kuita kwema isocyanates nema active hydrogen compounds kunokonzerwa ne nucleophilic centre ye active hydrogen compound molecule ichirwisa atomu yekabhoni yakavakirwa paNCO. Maitiro ekuita izvi ndeekuti:
40. Maumbirwo eisocyanate anokanganisa sei reactivity yemapoka eNCO?
A: Kuwanda kwemaelectronegativity eboka reAR: kana boka reR riri boka rinotora maerekitironi, huwandu hwegore remaerekitironi eatomu yeC muboka re-NCO hwakaderera, uye riri nyore kurwiswa nemanucleophiles, kureva kuti, zviri nyore kuita nucleophilic reactions nealcohols, amines nezvimwe zvinhu. Kana R iri boka revanopa maerekitironi uye ikapfuudzwa kuburikidza negore remaerekitironi, huwandu hwegore remaerekitironi eatomu yeC muboka re-NCO huchawedzera, zvichiita kuti isanyanya kurwiswa nemanucleophiles, uye kugona kwayo kuita reaction ne active hydrogen compounds kuchaderera. B. Induction effect: Nekuti aromatic diisocyanate ine mapoka maviri eNCO, kana gene rekutanga re-NCO rikabatanidzwa mu reaction, nekuda kwe conjugated effect ye aromatic ring, boka re-NCO risingabatanidzwe mu reaction richatamba basa reboka rinotora maerekitironi, kuitira kuti reaction activity yeboka rekutanga reNCO iwedzere, inova induction effect. C. steric effect: Mumamorekuru e aromatic diisocyanate, kana mapoka maviri e -NCO ari mu aromatic ring panguva imwe chete, saka pesvedzero yeboka rimwe reNCO pa reactivity yeboka rimwe reNCO inowanzo kuve yakakosha. Zvisinei, kana mapoka maviri eNCO ari mu aromatic rings dzakasiyana mumorekuru imwe chete, kana kuti akaparadzaniswa ne hydrocarbon chains kana aromatic rings, kudyidzana pakati pavo kudiki, uye kunoderera nekuwedzera kwehurefu hwe chain hydrocarbon kana kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwe aromatic rings.
41. Mhando dzemakemikari anoshanda ehydrogen uye NCO reactivity
A: Aliphatic NH2> Boka rinonhuhwirira Bozui OH> Mvura > Secondary OH> Phenol OH> Boka reCarboxyl > Substituted urea > Amido> Carbamate. (Kana density yemaerekitironi epakati pe nucleophilic yakakwira, electronegativity yakasimba, uye reaction activity ne isocyanate yakakwira uye reaction speed inokurumidza; Zvikasadaro, activity yacho yakadzikira.)
42. Simba remakomputa ehydroxyl pakuita kwavo nema isocyanates
A: Kushanda kwemakemikari anoshanda ehydrogen (ROH kana RNH2) kwakabatana nehunhu hweR, kana R iri boka rinobvisa maerekitironi (kuderera kweelectronegativity), zvinonetsa kutamisa maatomu ehydrogen, uye kuita pakati pemakemikari anoshanda ehydrogen neNCO kwakaoma; Kana R iri nzvimbo inotsiva maerekitironi, kushanda kwemakemikari anoshanda ehydrogen neNCO kunogona kuvandudzwa.
43. Chii chinobatsira isocyanate reaction nemvura?
A: Ndiyo imwe yenzira huru dzekugadzira polyurethane foam. Nzira iri pakati pavo inotanga yagadzira carbamic acid isina kugadzikana, iyo yozobva yapatsanurwa kuita CO2 nemaamine, uye kana isocyanate yakawandisa, amine inobuda inopindirana neisocyanate kuti igadzire urea.
44. Mukugadzirira ma polyurethane elastomers, huwandu hwemvura huri muma polymer polyols hunofanira kudzorwa zvakasimba.
A: Hapana mabhubhu anodiwa mu elastomers, coatings uye fibers, saka huwandu hwemvura muzvinhu zvakagadziriswa hunofanira kudzorwa zvakasimba, kazhinji pasi pe0.05%.
45. Kusiyana kwemhedzisiro ye catalytic ye amine ne tin catalysts pa isocyanate reactions
A: Zvishandiso zveTertiary amine zvine simba guru rekukonzera shanduko mukuita kweisocyanate nemvura, nepo zvishandiso zvetin zvine simba guru rekukonzera shanduko mukuita kweisocyanate nehydroxyl group.
46. Sei polyurethane resin ichigona kuonekwa se block polymer, uye chii chinoratidza chimiro cheketani?
Mhinduro: Nekuti chikamu checheni che polyurethane resin chinoumbwa nezvikamu zvakaoma uye zvakapfava, chikamu chakaoma chinoreva chikamu checheni chinoumbwa nekuita kwe isocyanate, chain extender uye crosslinker pacheni huru yemamorekuru e polyurethane, uye mapoka aya ane simba rakakura rekubatana, vhoriyamu yakakura yenzvimbo uye kuomarara kukuru. Chikamu chakapfava chinoreva carbon-carbon main chain polymer polyol, ine kuchinjika kwakanaka uye chikamu chinochinjika mucheni huru ye polyurethane.
47. Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinokanganisa hunhu hwezvinhu zvepolyurethane?
A: Simba rekubatana kweboka, chisungo chehydrogen, kristallinity, dhigirii rekubatanidza, huremu hwemamorekuru, chikamu chakaoma, chikamu chakapfava.
48. Ndezvipi zvinhu zvakapfava uye zvakaoma zviri muchikamu chikuru che polyurethane zvinhu
A: Chikamu chakapfava chinoumbwa nemapolyols e-oligomer (polyester, polyether diols, nezvimwewo), uye chikamu chakaoma chinoumbwa nemapolyisocyanates kana kusanganiswa kwawo nema small molecule chain extenders.
49. Zvikamu zvakapfava uye zvikamu zvakaoma zvinokanganisa sei hunhu hwezvinhu zvepolyurethane?
A: Chikamu chakapfava: (1) Huremu hwemamorekuru echikamu chakapfava: tichifunga kuti huremu hwemamorekuru epolyurethane hwakafanana, kana chikamu chakapfava chiri polyester, simba repolyurethane richawedzera nekuwedzera kwehuremu hwemamorekuru epolyester diol; Kana chikamu chakapfava chiri polyether, simba repolyurethane rinoderera nekuwedzera kwehuremu hwemamorekuru epolyether diol, asi kureba kunowedzera. (2) Kupenya kwechikamu chakapfava: Chine mupiro mukuru mukupenya kwechikamu cheketani yepolyurethane yakatsetseka. Kazhinji, kupenda kunobatsira pakuvandudza mashandiro ezvigadzirwa zvepolyurethane, asi dzimwe nguva kupenda kunoderedza kuchinjika kwekupisa kwakaderera kwezvinhu, uye kupenda kupenya kunowanzoita sekuti polymer haina kujeka.
Chikamu chakaoma: Chikamu chakaoma cheketani chinowanzo kukanganisa tembiricha inopfava uye inonyunguduka uye hunhu hwekupisa kwakanyanya kwepolymer. Polyurethanes dzakagadzirwa nearomatic isocyanates dzine mhete dzakaoma dzinonhuhwirira, saka simba repolymer muchikamu chakaoma rinowedzera, uye simba rezvinhu rinowanzova rakakura kupfuura re aliphatic isocyanate polyurethanes, asi kuramba kukanganiswa ne ultraviolet kwakaderera, uye zviri nyore kuita yero. Aliphatic polyurethanes hadzina yero.
50. Kurongwa kwefuro rePolyurethane
A: (1) furo rakaoma uye furo rakapfava, (2) furo rakakora uye rakapfava, (3) furo remhando yepolyester, furo remhando yepolyether, (4) furo remhando yeTDI, furo remhando yeMDI, (5) furo repolyurethane uye furo repolyisocyanurate, (6) nzira yedanho rimwe chete uye nzira yekugadzirira polymerization, nzira inoenderera mberi uye kugadzirwa kwepakati nepakati, (8) furo remabhuroko uye furo rakaumbwa.
51. Maitiro ekutanga pakugadzira furo
A: Zvinoreva maitiro e -NCO ne -OH, -NH2 neH2O, uye kana zvichiitwa nema polyols, "maitiro egel" mukuita kwefuro anowanzoreva maitiro ekugadzirwa kwe carbamate. Nekuti furo raw material rinoshandisa zvinhu zvakawanda, network yakabatana inowanikwa, iyo inobvumira furo system kuti iite gel nekukurumidza.
Kubuda kwefuro kunoitika muchimiro chefuro kana paine mvura. Izvi zvinonzi "kubuda kwefuro" zvinowanzoreva kubuda kwemvura ne isocyanate kuti zvigadzire urea inotsiva uye kuburitsa CO2.
52. Maitiro ekugadzira mabhurumu enyukireya
Zvinhu zvakabikwa zvinosangana nemvura kana kuti zvinoenderana nekupisa kunokonzerwa nekuita kuti gasi rigadzire gasi uye riite kuti gasi riite kuputika. Nekufambira mberi kwekuita uye kugadzirwa kwekupisa kukuru kwekuita, huwandu hwezvinhu zvine gasi uye kuputika kwakawedzera nguva dzose. Kana huwandu hwegasi huchiwedzera kupfuura huwandu hwe saturation, bubble rinogara richikura rinotanga kuumbwa muchikamu chemhinduro uye rinokwira.
53. Basa remushonga wefoam stabilizer mukugadzira furo repolyurethane
A: Ine simba re emulsification, zvekuti kunyungudika pakati pezvikamu zvefuro kunowedzerwa; Mushure mekuwedzera silicone surfactant, nekuti inoderedza zvakanyanya kushushikana kwepamusoro γ yemvura, simba rakawedzerwa remahara rinodiwa pakupararira kwegasi rinoderedzwa, kuitira kuti mhepo inopararira muzvinhu zvakabikwa ive nenjodzi huru yekunyungudika panguva yekusanganisa, izvo zvinobatsira mukugadzirwa kwemabubbles madiki uye zvinovandudza kugadzikana kwefuro.
54. Kugadzikana kwefuro
A: Kuwedzerwa kwemasurfactants akakodzera kunobatsira pakuumbwa kwekupararira kwemabubbles akatsetseka.
55. Maitiro ekugadzira furo remasero akavhurika uye furo remasero akavharika
A: Maitiro ekuumbwa kwefuro remasero akavhurika: Kazhinji, kana paine kumanikidzwa kukuru mubhuroro, simba remadziro ebhuroro rinoumbwa nekuita kwejeli harisi rakakwirira, uye firimu remadziro harigone kutsungirira kutambanudza kunokonzerwa nekumanikidzwa kwegasi kuri kukwira, firimu remadziro ebhuroro rinodhonzwa, uye gasi rinobuda kubva pakaputika, richigadzira furo remasero akavhurika.
Maitiro ekugadzira furo remasero akavharwa: Kune sisitimu yakaoma yemabubble, nekuda kwekuita kwepolyether polyols ine huremu hwakawanda uye hushoma hwemamorekuru nepolyisocyanate, kumhanya kwegel kunokurumidza, uye gasi riri mububble harigone kupwanya madziro emabubble, nokudaro richigadzira furo remasero akavharwa.
56. Nzira yekuburitsa furo yechinhu chinoburitsa furo chaiyo uye chinhu chinoburitsa furo chemakemikari
A: Chinhu chinofefetera: Chinhu chinofefetera ndicho chitubu chefuro chinoumbwa kuburikidza nekuchinja kwechimiro chechinhu, kureva kuti, kuburikidza nekuwedzera kwegasi rakamanikidzwa, kuputika kwemvura kana kunyungudika kwechisikwa.
Zvinofuridza zvemakemikari: Zvinofuridza zvemakemikari zvinhu zvinoburitsa magasi akadai secarbon dioxide nenitrogen, zvinoumba maburi madiki mupolymer.
57. Nzira yekugadzirira furo rakapfava repolyurethane
A: Nzira yedanho rimwe chete uye nzira ye prepolymer
Nzira yePrepolymer: ndiko kuti, polyether polyol uye excess TDI reaction zvinogadzirwa kuita prepolymer ine free NCO group, uye zvinozosanganiswa nemvura, catalyst, stabilizer, nezvimwewo, kugadzira furo. Nzira yedanho rimwe chete: Mhando dzakasiyana dzezvinhu zvakagadziriswa zvinosanganiswa zvakananga mu mixing head kuburikidza nekuverenga, uye step inogadzirwa nefuro, iyo inogona kukamurwa kuita continuous uye intermittently.
58. Hunhu hwekuita furo rakatwasuka uye furo rakatwasuka
Nzira yekuisa pressure plate yakaringana: inoratidzwa nekushandisa bepa repamusoro neplate yekuvhara yepamusoro. Nzira yekuisa groove inodarika: inoratidzwa nekushandisa groove inodarika uye bhandi rekufambisa.
Hunhu hwemafuro akamira: unogona kushandisa kuyerera kudiki kuti uwane nzvimbo yakakura yemabhuroko efuro, uye kazhinji shandisa muchina wemafuro akamira kuti uwane chikamu chimwe chete chebhuroko, huwandu hwemafuro hwakakura ka3 kusvika ka5 kupfuura mafuro akamira; Nekuda kwechikamu chikuru chebhuroko refuro, hapana ganda repamusoro nerezasi, uye ganda remupendero rakatetepawo, saka kurasikirwa kwekucheka kunodzikira zvakanyanya. Midziyo inofukidza nzvimbo diki, kureba kwechirimwa kunenge 12 ~ 13m, uye mari yekudyara yechirimwa nemidziyo yakaderera pane yemaitiro emafuro akamira; Zviri nyore kutsiva hopper nemodheru kugadzira miviri yefuro ine cylindrical kana rectangular, kunyanya mabheti efuro akatenderera ekucheka anotenderera.
59. Zvinhu zvakakosha pakusarudza zvinhu zvisina kubikwa pakugadzirira furo rakapfava
A: Polyol: polyether polyol yefoam yakajairika yeblock, huremu hwemolecular hunowanzova 3000 ~ 4000, kunyanya polyether triol. Polyether triol ine huremu hwemolecular hwe4500 ~ 6000 inoshandiswa pafoam yakasimba. Nekuwedzera kwehuremu hwemolecular, simba rekudhonza, kureba uye kusimba kwefoam zvinowedzera. Kuita kwepolyether dzakafanana kwakadzikira. Nekuwedzera kwedhigirii rekushanda kwepolyether, reaction inokurumidza, crosslinking degree yepolyurethane inowedzerwa, kuomarara kwefoam kunowedzerwa, uye kureba kunodzikira. Isocyanate: Isocyanate raw material yepolyurethane soft block foam inonyanya kuve toluene diisocyanate (TDI-80). Basa shoma reTDI-65 rinongoshandiswa chete papolyester polyurethane foam kana special polyether foam. Catalyst: Mabhenefiti ecatalytic ebulk soft foam foam foam anogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri: chimwe chema organometallic compounds, stannous caprylate ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa; Imwe mhando ndeye tertiary amines, inowanzoshandiswa se dimethylaminoethyl ethers. Foam stabilizer: Mu polyester polyurethane bulk foam, non-silicon surfactants ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa, uye mu polyether bulk foam, organosilica-oxidized olefin copolymer ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa. Foam agent: Kazhinji, mvura chete ndiyo inoshandiswa sefoam agent kana huwandu hwemabubbles e polyurethane soft block hwakakura kupfuura 21 kg pa cubic meter; Macompounds elow boiling point akadai se methylene chloride (MC) anoshandiswa seassistant blowing agents chete mu low density formulations.
60. Kukanganisa kwemamiriro ekunze pahunhu hwemabhuroko efoam
A: Mhedzisiro yekupisa: kufema kwe polyurethane kunokurumidza sezvo tembiricha yezvinhu ichikwira, izvo zvinozokonzera njodzi yekupisa mukati uye moto mumafomu anonzwa. Mhedzisiro yehunyoro hwemhepo: Nekuwedzera kwehunyoro, nekuda kwekuita kweboka re isocyanate mufuro nemvura mumhepo, kuoma kwefuro kunoderera uye kureba kunowedzera. Simba rekudhonza kwefuro rinowedzera nekuwedzera kweboka re urea. Mhedzisiro yekumanikidzwa kwemhepo: Pafomura imwecheteyo, kana furo richifema panzvimbo yakakwirira, huwandu hwehunyoro hunoderera zvakanyanya.
61. Musiyano mukuru uripo pakati penzira yekushandisa zvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa inoshandiswa pakugadzira furo rakapfava rakaumbwa nechando nefuro rinopisa rakaumbwa
A: Zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mukugadzira zvinhu zvinotonhora zvine reactivity yakakura, uye hapana chikonzero chekudziisa kunze panguva yekupisa, zvichienderana nekupisa kunogadzirwa nesystem, reaction yekupisa inogona kupedzwa munguva pfupi, uye mold inogona kuburitswa mukati memaminitsi mashoma mushure mekupinza zvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa. Reactivation yezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa yefoam yekupisa inopisa yakaderera, uye reaction musanganiswa unofanirwa kupiswa pamwe chete nemold mushure mekuputira furo mumold, uye foam inogona kuburitswa mushure mekunge yanyatsokura mubhaking channel.
62. Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinoita furo rakapfava rakaumbwa nechando kana tichienzanisa nefuro rakaumbwa nekupisa?
A: ① Maitiro ekugadzira haadi kupisa kwekunze, anogona kuchengetedza kupisa kwakawanda; ② Kureba kwakanyanya (kuwirirana kwekudonha), kushanda zvakanaka; ③ Kureba kwakanyanya; ④ Furo risina murazvo rinewo zvimwe zvinhu zvinodzora murazvo; ⑤ Kureba kwenguva pfupi kwekugadzira, kunogona kuchengetedza chakuvhuvhu, kuchengetedza mari.
63. Hunhu uye mashandisirwo ebubble rakapfava nebubble rakaoma zvichiteerana
A: Hunhu hwemabubble akapfava: Maumbirwo emasero emabubble akapfava epolyurethane anowanzo vhurika. Kazhinji, ane density shoma, elastic recovery yakanaka, inonyudza ruzha, inopinza mhepo, inochengetedza kupisa nezvimwe zvinhu. Mashandisirwo: Inonyanya kushandiswa fenicha, machira ecushion, machira echigaro chemota, machira akasiyana-siyana elaminated composite materials, furo rakapfava remaindasitiri nerecial rinoshandiswawo sezvinhu zvekusefa, zvinhu zvekudziisa ruzha, zvinhu zvisingadhuri, zvinhu zvekushongedza, zvinhu zvekurongedza uye zvinhu zvekudziisa kupisa.
Hunhu hwefuro rakasimba: furo repolyurethane rine huremu hwakareruka, simba rakasimba uye kugadzikana kwakanaka kwehukuru; Kushanda kwefuro rakasimba repolyurethane rinopisa kwakanyanya. Simba rakasimba rekunamatira; Kushanda kwakanaka kwekukwegura, hupenyu hurefu hwebasa readiabatic; Musanganiswa wekuita une kuyerera kwakanaka uye unogona kuzadza nzvimbo kana nzvimbo yechimiro chakaoma zvakanaka. Zvinhu zvakagadzirwa zve polyurethane hard foam zvine reactivity yakakura, zvinogona kukurumidza kupora, uye zvinogona kuita kuti zvive nekushanda kwakawanda uye kugadzirwa kwakawanda mufekitori.
Mashandisirwo: Inoshandiswa sezvinhu zvinodzivirira kupisa mumafiriji, mafiriji, midziyo inochengeterwa firiji, nzvimbo inotonhorera, pombi yemafuta uye pombi yemvura inopisa, pombi inodzivirira kupisa pamadziro nedenga rechivako, pombi yesandwich yekudzora kupisa, nezvimwewo.
64. Pfungwa huru dzekugadzira fomura yemabubble akaomarara
A: Polyols: polyether polyols dzinoshandiswa pakugadzira furo rakaoma dzinowanzova nesimba rakawanda, hydroxyl value yakakwira (low molecular weight) polypropylene oxide polyols; Isocyanate: Parizvino, isocyanate inoshandiswa pakugadzira furo rakaoma inonyanya kuve polymethylene polyphenyl polyisocyanate (inozivikanwa sePAPI), kureva, crude MDI uye polymerized MDI; Blowing agents:(1)CFC blowing agent (2)HCFC uye HFC blowing agent (3) pentane blowing agent (4) mvura; Foam stabilizer: Foam stabilizer inoshandiswa pakugadzira furo rakaoma ra polyurethane inowanzova block polymer yepolydimethylsiloxane nepolyoxolefin. Parizvino, foam stabilizers zhinji dzinonyanya kuva Si-C type; Catalyst: Catalyst yekugadzirwa furo rakaoma inonyanya kuva tertiary amine, uye organotin catalyst inogona kushandiswa muzviitiko zvakakosha; Zvimwe zvinowedzerwa: Zvichienderana nezvinodiwa uye zvinodiwa zvekushandiswa kwakasiyana kwezvigadzirwa zve polyurethane zvakasimba zvefuro, zvinodzora moto, zvinovhura, zvinodzivisa utsi, zvinorwisa kukwegura, zvinorwisa ganda, zvinosimbisa uye zvimwe zvinowedzerwa zvinogona kuwedzerwa mufomura.
65. Nheyo yekugadzirira furo rekuumba ganda rese
A: furo reganda rinobatanidzwa (ISF), rinozivikanwawo sefuro reganda rinozvicheka (furo reganda rinozvicheka), ifuro repurasitiki rinogadzira ganda raro rakakora panguva yekugadzira.
66. Hunhu uye mashandisirwo e polyurethane microporous elastomers
A: Hunhu: polyurethane elastomer ipolymer yeblock, inowanzo umbwa ne oligomer polyol inochinjika cheni refu yakapfava, diisocyanate uye chain extender kuti igadzire chikamu chakaoma, chikamu chakaoma uye chikamu chakapfava, zvichigadzira unit yechimiro inodzokororwa. Kuwedzera pakuva nemapoka eammonia ester, polyurethane inogona kuumba hydrogen bonds mukati uye pakati pemamorekuru, uye zvikamu zvakapfava uye zvakaoma zvinogona kuumba nzvimbo dze microphase uye kugadzira kupatsanurwa kwe microphase.
67. Ndezvipi zvinhu zvikuru zvinoitwa nepolyurethane elastomers
A: Hunhu hwekushanda: 1, simba rakawanda uye kusimba, inogona kuva mukuoma kwakasiyana-siyana (Shaw A10 ~ Shaw D75) kuchengetedza kusimba kwakanyanya; Kazhinji, kuoma kwakaderera kunodiwa kunogona kuwanikwa pasina plasticizer, saka hapana dambudziko rinokonzerwa nekufamba kwepurasitiki; 2, pasi pekuoma kwakafanana, kugona kutakura kwakakwira kupfuura mamwe ma elastomers; 3, kuramba kupfeka kwakanaka, kuramba kwayo kupfeka kwakapetwa kaviri kusvika gumi pane rabha yechisikigo; 4. Kuramba mafuta nemakemikari kwakanaka; Kuramba mwaranzi yepolyurethane inonhuhwirira; Kuramba okisijeni kwakanaka uye kuramba ozone; 5, kuramba kwakanyanya, kuramba kuneta uye kuramba kushamisika, kwakakodzera kushandiswa kwe-frequency flexure; 6, kuchinjika kwekupisa kwakaderera kwakanaka; 7, polyurethane yakajairika haigone kushandiswa pamusoro pe100 ℃, asi kushandiswa kwefomula yakakosha kunogona kumira tembiricha yepamusoro ye140 ℃; 8, mari yekugadzira nekugadzirisa yakaderera.
68. Polyurethane elastomers dzinoiswa muzvikamu zvichienderana nemapolyols, isocyanates, maitiro ekugadzira, nezvimwewo.
A: 1. Zvichienderana nezvinhu zvakabikwa zve polyol ye oligomer, polyurethane elastomers dzinogona kukamurwa kuita polyester, polyether, polyolefin, polycarbonate, nezvimwewo. Polyether inogona kukamurwa kuita polytetrahydrofuran uye polypropylene oxide zvichienderana nemhando dzakasiyana; 2. Zvichienderana nemusiyano we diisocyanate, inogona kukamurwa kuita aliphatic ne aromatic elastomers, uye ikakamurwa kuita TDI, MDI, IPDI, NDI nedzimwe mhando; Kubva mukugadzirwa, polyurethane elastomers dzakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu: casting type (CPU), thermoplasticity (TPU) uye mixing type (MPU).
69. Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinokanganisa hunhu hwe polyurethane elastomers kubva pamaonero echimiro chemamorekuru?
A: Kubva pamaonero echimiro chemamorekuru, polyurethane elastomer ipolymer yeblock, inowanzo umbwa neoligomer polyols inochinjika, ine flexible long chain soft segment, diisocyanate uye chain extender kuti igadzire chikamu chakaoma, chikamu chakaoma uye chikamu chakapfava, zvichigadzira chikamu chechimiro chinodzokororwa. Kuwedzera pakuva nemapoka eammonia ester, polyurethane inogona kuumba hydrogen bonds mukati uye pakati pemamorekuru, uye zvikamu zvakapfava uye zvakaoma zvinogona kuumba nzvimbo dze microphase uye kugadzira microphase separation. Hunhu uhwu hwechimiro hunoita kuti polyurethane elastomers ive nekudzivirira kupfeka uye kusimba kwakanyanya, kunozivikanwa se "rubber inodzivirira kupfeka".
70. Musiyano wekushanda pakati pemhando yepolyester yakajairika ne polytetrahydrofuran ether type elastomers
A: Mamorekuru epolyester ane mapoka akawanda e polar ester (-COO-), ayo anogona kuumba ma intramolecular hydrogen bonds akasimba, saka polyester polyurethane ine simba guru, inodzivirira kupera uye inodzivirira mafuta.
Elastomer yakagadzirwa kubva kupolyether polyols ine kugadzikana kwakanaka kwehydrolysis, inodzivirira mamiriro ekunze, inochinjika zvishoma pakupisa uye inodzivirira chakuvhuvhu. Chitubu chechinyorwa/Kudzidza kwePolymer Tsvagiridzo
Nguva yekutumira: Ndira-17-2024